NAME

got — Game of Trees

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

got is a version control system which stores the history of tracked files in a Git repository, as used by the Git version control system. This repository format is described in git-repository(5).

got is a “distributed” version control system because every copy of a repository is writeable. Modifications made to files can be synchronized between repositories at any time.

Files managed by got must be checked out from the repository for modification. Checked out files are stored in a work tree which can be placed at an arbitrary directory in the filesystem hierarchy. The on-disk format of this work tree is described in got-worktree(5).

The got utility provides global and command-specific options. Global options must precede the command name, and are as follows:

-h

Display usage information and exit immediately.

-V, --version

Display program version and exit immediately.

The got utility only provides commands needed to perform version control tasks. Commands needed for repository maintenance tasks are provided by gotadmin(1). Git repository server functionality is provided by gotd(8). A repository interface for web browsers is provided by gotwebd(8). An interactive repository interface for the terminal is provided by tog(1).

The commands for got are as follows:

init [-A hashing-algorithm] [-b branch] repository-path

Create a new empty repository at the specified repository-path.

After got init, the new repository must be populated before got checkout can be used. The got import command can be used to populate the new repository with data from a local directory. Alternatively, on a server running gotd(8), the new repository can be made available to got(1) or git(1) clients by adding the repository to gotd.conf(5) and restarting gotd(8). Clients may then clone the new repository from the server, populate the cloned repository, and then populate the new repository on the server via got send or git push.

The options for got init are as follows:

-A hashing-algorithm

Configure the repository's hashing-algorithm used for the computation of Git object IDs. Possible values are sha1 (the default) or sha256.

-b branch

Make the repository's HEAD reference point to the specified branch instead of the default branch “main”.

The got init command is equivalent to gotadmin init.

import [-b branch] [-I pattern] [-m message] [-r repository-path] directory

(alias: im)

Create an initial commit in a repository from the file hierarchy within the specified directory. The created commit will not have any parent commits, i.e. it will be a root commit. Also create a new reference which provides a branch name for the newly created commit. Show the path of each imported file to indicate progress.

The got import command requires the GOT_AUTHOR environment variable to be set, unless an author has been configured in got.conf(5) or Git's user.name and user.email configuration settings can be obtained from the repository's .git/config file or from Git's global ~/.gitconfig configuration file.

The options for got import are as follows:

-b branch

Create the specified branch. If this option is not specified, a branch corresponding to the repository's HEAD reference will be used. Use of this option is required if the branch resolved via the repository's HEAD reference already exists.

-I pattern

Ignore files or directories with a name which matches the specified pattern. This option may be specified multiple times to build a list of ignore patterns. The pattern follows the globbing rules documented in glob(7). Ignore patterns which end with a slash, “/”, will only match directories.

-m message

Use the specified log message when creating the new commit. Without the -m option, got import opens a temporary file in an editor where a log message can be written. Quitting the editor without saving the file will abort the import operation.

-r repository-path

Use the repository at the specified path. If not specified, assume the repository is located at or above the current working directory.

clone [-almqv] [-b branch] [-R reference] repository-URL [directory]

(alias: cl)

Clone a Git repository at the specified repository-URL into the specified directory. If no directory is specified, the directory name will be derived from the name of the cloned repository. got clone will refuse to run if the directory already exists.

The repository-URL specifies a protocol scheme, a server hostname, an optional port number separated from the hostname by a colon, and a path to the repository on the server: scheme://hostname:port/path/to/repository

The following protocol schemes are supported:

git

The Git protocol as implemented by the git-daemon(1) server. Use of this protocol is discouraged since it supports neither authentication nor encryption.

ssh

The Git protocol wrapped in an authenticated and encrypted ssh(1) tunnel. With this protocol the hostname may contain an embedded username for ssh(1) to use: user@hostname

http

The “smart” Git HTTP protocol. Not compatible with servers using the “dumb” Git HTTP protocol.

The “smart” Git HTTP protocol is supported by got clone and got fetch, but not by got send. Sending from a repository cloned over HTTP will require use of a send block in got.conf(5) to ensure that the “ssh://” protocol will be used by got send.

Use of this protocol is discouraged since it supports neither authentication nor encryption.

https

The “smart” Git HTTP protocol wrapped in SSL/TLS.

Objects in the cloned repository are stored in a pack file which is downloaded from the server. This pack file will then be indexed to facilitate access to the objects stored within. If any objects in the pack file are stored in deltified form, all deltas will be fully resolved in order to compute the ID of such objects. This can take some time. More details about the pack file format are documented in git-repository(5).

got clone creates a remote repository entry in the got.conf(5) and config files of the cloned repository to store the repository-url and any branch or reference arguments for future use by got fetch or git-fetch(1).

The options for got clone are as follows:

-a

Fetch all branches from the remote repository's “refs/heads/” reference namespace and set fetch_all_branches in the cloned repository's got.conf(5) file for future use by got fetch. If this option is not specified, a branch resolved via the remote repository's HEAD reference will be fetched. Cannot be used together with the -b option.

-b branch

Fetch the specified branch from the remote repository's “refs/heads/” reference namespace. This option may be specified multiple times to build a list of branches to fetch. If the branch corresponding to the remote repository's HEAD reference is not in this list, the cloned repository's HEAD reference will be set to the first branch which was fetched. If this option is not specified, a branch resolved via the remote repository's HEAD reference will be fetched. Cannot be used together with the -a option.

-l

List branches and tags available for fetching from the remote repository and exit immediately. Cannot be used together with any of the other options except -q and -v.

-m

Create the cloned repository as a mirror of the original repository. This is useful if the cloned repository will not be used to store locally created commits.

The repository's got.conf(5) and config files will be set up with the “mirror” option enabled, such that got fetch or git-fetch(1) will write incoming changes directly to branches in the “refs/heads/” reference namespace, rather than to branches in the “refs/remotes/” namespace. This avoids the usual requirement of having to run got rebase or got merge after got fetch in order to make incoming changes appear on branches in the “refs/heads/” namespace. But maintaining custom changes in the cloned repository becomes difficult since such changes will be at risk of being discarded whenever incoming changes are fetched.

-q

Suppress progress reporting output. The same option will be passed to ssh(1) if applicable.

-R reference

In addition to the branches and tags that will be fetched, fetch an arbitrary reference from the remote repository's “refs/” namespace. This option may be specified multiple times to build a list of additional references to fetch. The specified reference may either be a path to a specific reference, or a reference namespace which will cause all references in this namespace to be fetched.

Each reference will be mapped into the cloned repository's “refs/remotes/” namespace, unless the -m option is used to mirror references directly into the cloned repository's “refs/” namespace.

got clone will refuse to fetch references from the remote repository's “refs/remotes/” or “refs/got/” namespace.

-v

Verbose mode. Causes got clone to print debugging messages to standard error output. This option will be passed to ssh(1) if applicable. Multiple -v options increase the verbosity. The maximum is 3.

fetch [-adlqtvX] [-b branch] [-R reference] [-r repository-path] [remote-repository]

(alias: fe)

Fetch new changes from a remote repository. If no remote-repository is specified, “origin” will be used. The remote repository's URL is obtained from the corresponding entry in got.conf(5) or Git's config file of the local repository, as created by got clone.

By default, any branches configured in got.conf(5) for the remote-repository will be fetched. If got fetch is invoked in a work tree then this work tree's current branch will be fetched, too, provided it is present on the server. If no branches to fetch can be found in got.conf(5) or via a work tree, or said branches are not found on the server, a branch resolved via the remote repository's HEAD reference will be fetched. Likewise, if a HEAD reference for the remote-repository exists but its target no longer matches the remote HEAD, then the new target branch will be fetched. This default behaviour can be overridden with the -a and -b options.

New changes will be stored in a separate pack file downloaded from the server. Optionally, separate pack files stored in the repository can be combined with git-repack(1).

By default, branch references in the “refs/remotes/” reference namespace will be updated to point at the newly fetched commits. The got rebase or got merge command can then be used to make new changes visible on branches in the “refs/heads/” namespace, merging incoming changes with the changes on those branches as necessary.

If the repository was created as a mirror with got clone -m, then all branches in the “refs/heads/” namespace will be updated directly to match the corresponding branches in the remote repository. If those branches contained local commits, these commits will no longer be reachable via a reference and will therefore be at risk of being discarded by Git's garbage collector or gotadmin cleanup. Maintaining custom changes in a mirror repository is therefore discouraged.

In any case, references in the “refs/tags/” namespace will always be fetched and mapped directly to local references in the same namespace.

The options for got fetch are as follows:

-a

Fetch all branches from the remote repository's “refs/heads/” reference namespace. This option can be enabled by default for specific repositories in got.conf(5). Cannot be used together with the -b option.

-b branch

Fetch the specified branch from the remote repository's “refs/heads/” reference namespace. This option may be specified multiple times to build a list of branches to fetch. Cannot be used together with the -a option.

-d

Delete branches and tags from the local repository which are no longer present in the remote repository. Only references are deleted. Any commit, tree, tag, and blob objects belonging to deleted branches or tags remain in the repository and may be removed separately with Git's garbage collector or gotadmin cleanup.

-l

List branches and tags available for fetching from the remote repository and exit immediately. Cannot be used together with any of the other options except -v, -q, and -r.

-q

Suppress progress reporting output. The same option will be passed to ssh(1) if applicable.

-R reference

In addition to the branches and tags that will be fetched, fetch an arbitrary reference from the remote repository's “refs/” namespace. This option may be specified multiple times to build a list of additional references to fetch. The specified reference may either be a path to a specific reference, or a reference namespace which will cause all references in this namespace to be fetched.

Each reference will be mapped into the local repository's “refs/remotes/” namespace, unless the local repository was created as a mirror with got clone -m in which case references will be mapped directly into the local repository's “refs/” namespace.

Once a reference has been fetched, a branch based on it can be created with got branch if needed.

got fetch will refuse to fetch references from the remote repository's “refs/remotes/” or “refs/got/” namespace.

-r repository-path

Use the repository at the specified path. If not specified, assume the repository is located at or above the current working directory. If this directory is a got work tree, use the repository path associated with this work tree.

-t

Allow existing references in the “refs/tags” namespace to be updated if they have changed on the server. If not specified, only new tag references will be created.

-v

Verbose mode. Causes got fetch to print debugging messages to standard error output. The same option will be passed to ssh(1) if applicable. Multiple -v options increase the verbosity. The maximum is 3.

-X

Delete all references which correspond to a particular remote-repository instead of fetching new changes. This can be useful when a remote repository is being removed from got.conf(5).

With -X, the remote-repository argument is mandatory and no other options except -r, -v, and -q are allowed.

Only references are deleted. Any commit, tree, tag, and blob objects fetched from a remote repository will generally be stored in pack files and may be removed separately with git-repack(1) and Git's garbage collector.

checkout [-Eq] [-b branch] [-c commit] [-p path-prefix] repository-path [work-tree-path]

(alias: co)

Copy files from a repository into a new work tree. Show the status of each affected file, using the following status codes:

A	new file was added
E	file already exists in work tree's meta-data

If the work tree path is not specified, either use the last component of repository path, or if a path prefix was specified use the last component of path prefix.

The options for got checkout are as follows:

-b branch

Check out files from a commit on the specified branch. If this option is not specified, a branch resolved via the repository's HEAD reference will be used.

-c commit

Check out files from the specified commit on the selected branch. If this option is not specified, the most recent commit on the selected branch will be used.

The expected commit argument is a commit ID, or a reference name or a keyword which will be resolved to a commit ID. An abbreviated hash argument will be expanded to a full commit ID automatically, provided the abbreviation is unique. The keywords ":base" and ":head" resolve to the repository's HEAD reference, or, if the -b option is used, the head of the checked-out branch. Keywords and reference names may be appended with ":+" or ":-" modifiers and an optional integer N to denote the Nth descendant or antecedent by first parent traversal, respectively; for example, :head:-2 denotes the work tree branch head's 2nd generation ancestor, and foo:-3 will denote the 3rd generation ancestor of the commit resolved by the "foo" reference. If an integer does not follow the ":+" or ":-" modifier, a "1" is implicitly appended (e.g., :head:- is equivalent to :head:-1).

If the specified commit is not contained in the selected branch, a different branch which contains this commit must be specified with the -b option. If no such branch is known, a new branch must be created for this commit with got branch before got checkout can be used. Checking out work trees with an unknown branch is intentionally not supported.

-E

Proceed with the checkout operation even if the directory at work-tree-path is not empty. Existing files will be left intact.

-p path-prefix

Restrict the work tree to a subset of the repository's tree hierarchy. Only files beneath the specified path-prefix will be checked out.

-q

Silence progress output.

update [-q] [-b branch] [-c commit] [path ...]

(alias: up)

Update an existing work tree to a different commit. Change existing files in the work tree as necessary to match file contents of this commit. Preserve any local changes in the work tree and merge them with the incoming changes.

Files which already contain merge conflicts will not be updated to avoid further complications. Such files will be updated when got update is run again after merge conflicts have been resolved. If the conflicting changes are no longer needed, affected files can be reverted with got revert before running got update again.

Show the status of each affected file, using the following status codes:

U	file was updated and contained no local changes
G	file was updated and local changes were merged cleanly
C	file was updated and conflicts occurred during merge
D	file was deleted
d	file's deletion was prevented by local modifications
A	new file was added
~	versioned file is obstructed by a non-regular file
!	a missing versioned file was restored
#	file was not updated because it contains merge conflicts
?	changes destined for an unversioned file were not merged

If no path is specified, update the entire work tree. Otherwise, restrict the update operation to files at or within the specified paths. Each path is required to exist in the update operation's target commit. Files in the work tree outside specified paths will remain unchanged and will retain their previously recorded base commit. Some got commands may refuse to run while the work tree contains files from multiple base commits. The base commit of such a work tree can be made consistent by running got update across the entire work tree. Specifying a path is incompatible with the -b option.

got update cannot update paths with staged changes. If changes have been staged with got stage, these changes must first be committed with got commit or unstaged with got unstage.

The options for got update are as follows:

-b branch

Switch the work tree's branch reference to the specified branch before updating the work tree. This option requires that all paths in the work tree are updated.

As usual, any local changes in the work tree will be preserved. This can be useful when switching to a newly created branch in order to commit existing local changes to this branch.

Any local changes must be dealt with separately in order to obtain a work tree with pristine file contents corresponding exactly to the specified branch. Such changes could first be committed to a different branch with got commit, or could be discarded with got revert.

-c commit

Update the work tree to the specified commit. If this option is not specified, the most recent commit on the work tree's branch will be used.

The expected commit argument is a commit ID, or a reference name or a keyword which will be resolved to a commit ID. An abbreviated hash argument will be expanded to a full commit ID automatically, provided the abbreviation is unique. The keywords ":base" and ":head" resolve to the work tree's base commit and branch head, respectively. Keywords and reference names may be appended with ":+" or ":-" modifiers and an optional integer N to denote the Nth descendant or antecedent, respectively, by first parent traversal; for example, :head:-2 denotes the work tree branch head's 2nd generation ancestor, and :base:+4 denotes the 4th generation descendant of the work tree's base commit. Similarly, foo:-3 will denote the 3rd generation ancestor of the commit resolved by the "foo" reference. If an integer does not follow the ":+" or ":-" modifier, a "1" is implicitly appended (e.g., :head:- is equivalent to :head:-1).

-q

Silence progress output.

status [-I] [-S status-codes] [-s status-codes] [path ...]

(alias: st)

Show the current modification status of files in a work tree, using the following status codes:

M	modified file
A	file scheduled for addition in next commit
D	file scheduled for deletion in next commit
C	modified or added file which contains merge conflicts
!	versioned file was expected on disk but is missing
~	versioned file is obstructed by a non-regular file
?	unversioned item not tracked by got
m	modified file modes (executable bit only)
N	non-existent path specified on the command line

If no path is specified, show modifications in the entire work tree. Otherwise, show modifications at or within the specified paths.

If changes have been staged with got stage, staged changes are shown in the second output column, using the following status codes:

M	file modification is staged
A	file addition is staged
D	file deletion is staged

Changes created on top of staged changes are indicated in the first column:

MM	file was modified after earlier changes have been staged
MA	file was modified after having been staged for addition

If the work tree contains the results of an interrupted got rebase, got histedit, or got merge operation then display a message which shows the branches involved.

The options for got status are as follows:

-I

Show unversioned files even if they match an ignore pattern.

-S status-codes

Suppress the output of files with a modification status matching any of the single-character status codes contained in the status-codes argument. Any combination of codes from the above list of possible status codes may be specified. For staged files, status codes displayed in either column will be matched. Cannot be used together with the -s option.

-s status-codes

Only show files with a modification status matching any of the single-character status codes contained in the status-codes argument. Any combination of codes from the above list of possible status codes may be specified. For staged files, status codes displayed in either column will be matched. Cannot be used together with the -S option.

For compatibility with cvs(1) and git(1), got status reads glob(7) patterns from .cvsignore and .gitignore files in each traversed directory and will not display unversioned files which match these patterns. Ignore patterns which end with a slash, “/”, will only match directories. As an extension to glob(7) matching rules, got status supports consecutive asterisks, “**”, which will match an arbitrary amount of directories. Unlike cvs(1), got status only supports a single ignore pattern per line. Unlike git(1), got status does not support negated ignore patterns prefixed with “!”, and gives no special significance to the location of path component separators, “/”, in a pattern.

log [-bdPpRst] [-C number] [-c commit] [-l N] [-r repository-path] [-S search-pattern] [-x commit] [path]

Display history of a repository. If a path is specified, show only commits which modified this path. If invoked in a work tree, the path is interpreted relative to the current working directory, and the work tree's path prefix is implicitly prepended. Otherwise, the path is interpreted relative to the repository root.

The options for got log are as follows:

-b

Display individual commits which were merged into the current branch from other branches. By default, got log shows the linear history of the current branch only.

-C number

Set the number of context lines shown in diffs with -p. By default, 3 lines of context are shown.

-c commit

Start traversing history at the specified commit. If this option is not specified, default to the work tree's current branch if invoked in a work tree, or to the repository's HEAD reference.

The expected commit argument is a commit ID, or a reference name or a keyword which will be resolved to a commit ID. An abbreviated hash argument will be expanded to a full commit ID automatically, provided the abbreviation is unique. The keywords ":base" and ":head" resolve to the work tree's base commit and branch head, respectively. The former is only valid if invoked in a work tree, while the latter will resolve to the tip of the work tree's current branch if invoked in a work tree, otherwise it will resolve to the repository's HEAD reference. Keywords and references may be appended with ":+" or ":-" modifiers and an optional integer N to denote the Nth descendant or antecedent, respectively, by first parent traversal; for example, :head:-2 denotes the HEAD reference's 2nd generation ancestor, and :base:+4 denotes the 4th generation descendant of the work tree's base commit. Similarly, bar:+3 will denote the 3rd generation descendant of the commit resolved by the "bar" reference. A ":+" or ":-" modifier without a trailing integer has an implicit "1" appended (e.g., :base:+ is equivalent to :base:+1).

-d

Display diffstat of changes introduced in each commit. Cannot be used with the -s option. Implies the -P option (diffstat displays a list of changed paths).

-l N

Limit history traversal to a given number of commits. If this option is not specified, a default limit value of zero is used, which is treated as an unbounded limit. The GOT_LOG_DEFAULT_LIMIT environment variable may be set to change this default value.

-P

Display the list of file paths changed in each commit, using the following status codes:

M	modified file
D	file was deleted
A	new file was added
m	modified file modes (executable bit only)

Cannot be used with the -s option.

-p

Display the patch of modifications made in each commit. If a path is specified, only show the patch of modifications at or within this path. Cannot be used with the -s option.

-R

Determine a set of commits to display as usual, but display these commits in reverse order.

-r repository-path

Use the repository at the specified path. If not specified, assume the repository is located at or above the current working directory. If this directory is a got work tree, use the repository path associated with this work tree.

-S search-pattern

If specified, show only commits with a log message, author name, committer name, or commit ID matched by the extended regular expression search-pattern. Lines in committed patches will be matched if -p is specified. File paths changed by a commit will be matched if -P is specified. Regular expression syntax is documented in re_format(7).

-s

Display a short one-line summary of each commit, instead of the default history format. Cannot be used together with the -p or -P option.

-t

Display commits in topological order. This option has no effect without the -b option because a linear history is sorted in topological order by definition. Topological sorting is disabled by default because the present implementation requires that commit history is fully traversed before any output can be shown.

-x commit

Stop traversing commit history immediately after the specified commit has been traversed. Like -c, the expected commit argument is a commit ID, or a reference name or a keyword which will be resolved to a commit ID. This option has no effect if the specified commit is never traversed.

diff [-adPsw] [-C number] [-c commit] [-r repository-path] [object1 object2 | path ...]

(alias: di)

When invoked within a work tree without any arguments, display all local changes in the work tree. If one or more path arguments are specified, only show changes within the specified paths.

If two arguments are provided, treat each argument as a reference, a tag name, or an object ID, and display differences between the corresponding objects. Both objects must be of the same type (blobs, trees, or commits). An abbreviated hash argument will be expanded to a full commit ID automatically, provided the abbreviation is unique. If none of these interpretations produce a valid result or if the -P option is used, and if got diff is running in a work tree, attempt to interpret the two arguments as paths.

The options for got diff are as follows:

-a

Treat file contents as ASCII text even if binary data is detected.

-C number

Set the number of context lines shown in the diff. By default, 3 lines of context are shown.

-c commit

Show differences between commits in the repository. This option may be used up to two times. When used only once, show differences between the specified commit and its first parent commit. When used twice, show differences between the two specified commits.

If the -c option is used, all non-option arguments will be interpreted as paths. If one or more such path arguments are provided, only show differences for the specified paths.

The expected commit argument is a commit ID, or a reference name or a keyword which will be resolved to a commit ID. An abbreviated hash argument will be expanded to a full commit ID automatically, provided the abbreviation is unique. The keywords ":base" and ":head" resolve to the work tree's base commit and branch head, respectively. The former is only valid if invoked in a work tree, while the latter will resolve to the tip of the work tree's current branch if invoked in a work tree, otherwise it will resolve to the repository's HEAD reference. Keywords and references may be appended with ":+" or ":-" modifiers and an optional integer N to denote the Nth descendant or antecedent, respectively, by first parent traversal; for example, :head:-2 denotes the HEAD reference's 2nd generation ancestor, and :base:+4 denotes the 4th generation descendant of the work tree's base commit. Similarly, baz:+8 will denote the 8th generation descendant of the commit resolved by the "baz" reference. If an integer does not follow the ":+" or ":-" modifier, a "1" is implicitly appended (e.g., :head:- is equivalent to :head:-1).

Cannot be used together with the -P option.

-d

Display diffstat of changes before the actual diff by annotating each file path or blob hash being diffed with the total number of lines added and removed. A summary line will display the total number of changes across all files.

-P

Interpret all arguments as paths only. This option can be used to resolve ambiguity in cases where paths look like tag names, reference names, or object IDs. This option is only valid when got diff is invoked in a work tree.

-r repository-path

Use the repository at the specified path. If not specified, assume the repository is located at or above the current working directory. If this directory is a got work tree, use the repository path associated with this work tree.

-s

Show changes staged with got stage instead of showing local changes in the work tree. This option is only valid when got diff is invoked in a work tree.

-w

Ignore whitespace-only changes.

blame [-c commit] [-r repository-path] path

(alias: bl)

Display line-by-line history of a file at the specified path.

The options for got blame are as follows:

-c commit

Start traversing history at the specified commit. The expected argument is a commit ID, or a reference name or a keyword which will be resolved to a commit ID. An abbreviated hash argument will be expanded to a full commit ID automatically, provided the abbreviation is unique. The keywords ":base" and ":head" resolve to the work tree's base commit and branch head, respectively. The former is only valid if invoked in a work tree, while the latter will resolve to the tip of the work tree's current branch if invoked in a work tree, otherwise it will resolve to the repository's HEAD reference. Keywords and references may be appended with ":+" or ":-" modifiers and an optional integer N to denote the Nth descendant or antecedent by first parent traversal, respectively; for example, :head:-2 denotes the work tree branch head's 2nd generation ancestor, and :base:+4 denotes the 4th generation descendant of the work tree's base commit. Similarly, xyz:-5 will denote the 5th generation ancestor of the commit resolved by the "xyz" reference. A ":+" or ":-" modifier without a trailing integer has an implicit "1" appended (e.g., :base:+ is equivalent to :base:+1).

-r repository-path

Use the repository at the specified path. If not specified, assume the repository is located at or above the current working directory. If this directory is a got work tree, use the repository path associated with this work tree.

tree [-iR] [-c commit] [-r repository-path] [path]

(alias: tr)

Display a listing of files and directories at the specified directory path in the repository. Entries shown in this listing may carry one of the following trailing annotations:

@	entry is a symbolic link
/	entry is a directory
*	entry is an executable file
$	entry is a Git submodule

Symbolic link entries are also annotated with the target path of the link.

If no path is specified, list the repository path corresponding to the current directory of the work tree, or the root directory of the repository if there is no work tree.

The options for got tree are as follows:

-c commit

List files and directories as they appear in the specified commit.

The expected argument is a commit ID, or a reference name or a keyword which will be resolved to a commit ID. An abbreviated hash argument will be expanded to a full commit ID automatically, provided the abbreviation is unique. The keywords ":base" and ":head" resolve to the work tree's base commit and branch head, respectively. The former is only valid if invoked in a work tree, while the latter will resolve to the tip of the work tree's current branch if invoked in a work tree, otherwise it will resolve to the repository's HEAD reference. Keywords and references may be appended with ":+" or ":-" modifiers and an optional integer N to denote the Nth descendant or antecedent by first parent traversal, respectively; for example, :head:-2 denotes the work tree branch head's 2nd generation ancestor, and :base:+4 denotes the 4th generation descendant of the work tree's base commit. Similarly, spam:-3 will denote the 3rd generation ancestor of the commit resolved by the "spam" reference. A ":+" or ":-" modifier without a trailing integer has an implicit "1" appended (e.g., :base:+ is equivalent to :base:+1).

-i

Show object IDs of files (blob objects) and directories (tree objects).

-R

Recurse into sub-directories in the repository.

-r repository-path

Use the repository at the specified path. If not specified, assume the repository is located at or above the current working directory. If this directory is a got work tree, use the repository path associated with this work tree.

ref [-dlt] [-c object] [-r repository-path] [-s reference] [name]

Manage references in a repository.

References may be listed, created, deleted, and changed. When creating, deleting, or changing a reference the specified name must be an absolute reference name, i.e. it must begin with “refs/”.

The options for got ref are as follows:

-c object

Create a reference or change an existing reference. The reference with the specified name will point at the specified object.

The expected object argument is an object ID or an existing reference or tag name or a keyword which will be resolved to the ID of a corresponding commit, tree, tag, or blob object. An abbreviated hash argument will be expanded to a full commit ID automatically, provided the abbreviation is unique. The keywords ":base" and ":head" resolve to the work tree's base commit and branch head, respectively. The former is only valid if invoked in a work tree, while the latter will resolve to the tip of the work tree's current branch if invoked in a work tree, otherwise it will resolve to the repository's HEAD reference. Keywords and reference names may be appended with ":+" or ":-" modifiers and an optional integer N to denote the Nth descendant or antecedent by first parent traversal, respectively; for example, :head:-2 denotes the work tree branch head's 2nd generation ancestor, and tagged:-3 will denote the 3rd generation ancestor of the commit resolved by the "tagged" reference. If an integer does not follow the ":+" or ":-" modifier, a "1" is implicitly appended (e.g., :head:- is equivalent to :head:-1).

Cannot be used together with any other options except -r.

-d

Delete the reference with the specified name from the repository. Any commit, tree, tag, and blob objects belonging to deleted references remain in the repository and may be removed separately with Git's garbage collector or gotadmin cleanup. Cannot be used together with any other options except -r.

-l

List references in the repository. If no name is specified, list all existing references in the repository. If name is a reference namespace, list all references in this namespace. Otherwise, show only the reference with the given name. Cannot be used together with any other options except -r and -t.

-r repository-path

Use the repository at the specified path. If not specified, assume the repository is located at or above the current working directory. If this directory is a got work tree, use the repository path associated with this work tree.

-s reference

Create a symbolic reference, or change an existing symbolic reference. The symbolic reference with the specified name will point at the specified reference which must already exist in the repository. Care should be taken not to create loops between references when this option is used. Cannot be used together with any other options except -r.

-t

Sort listed references by modification time (most recently modified first) instead of sorting by lexicographical order. Use of this option requires the -l option to be used as well.

branch [-lnt] [-c commit] [-d name] [-r repository-path] [name]

(alias: br)

Create, list, or delete branches.

Local branches are managed via references which live in the “refs/heads/” reference namespace. The got branch command creates references in this namespace only.

When deleting branches, the specified name is searched in the “refs/heads” reference namespace first. If no corresponding branch is found, the “refs/remotes” namespace will be searched next.

If invoked in a work tree without any arguments, print the name of the work tree's current branch.

If a name argument is passed, attempt to create a branch reference with the given name. By default the new branch reference will point at the latest commit on the work tree's current branch if invoked in a work tree, and otherwise to a commit resolved via the repository's HEAD reference.

If invoked in a work tree, once the branch was created successfully switch the work tree's head reference to the newly created branch and update files across the entire work tree, just like got update -b name would do. Show the status of each affected file, using the following status codes:

U	file was updated and contained no local changes
G	file was updated and local changes were merged cleanly
C	file was updated and conflicts occurred during merge
D	file was deleted
A	new file was added
~	versioned file is obstructed by a non-regular file
!	a missing versioned file was restored

The options for got branch are as follows:

-c commit

Make a newly created branch reference point at the specified commit. The expected argument is a commit ID, or a reference name or keyword which will be resolved to a commit ID. An abbreviated hash argument will be expanded to a full commit ID automatically, provided the abbreviation is unique. The keywords ":base" and ":head" resolve to the work tree's base commit and branch head, respectively. The former is only valid if invoked in a work tree, while the latter will resolve to the tip of the work tree's current branch if invoked in a work tree, otherwise it will resolve to the repository's HEAD reference. Keywords and references may be appended with ":+" or ":-" modifiers and an optional integer N to denote the Nth descendant or antecedent by first parent traversal, respectively; for example, :head:-2 denotes the work tree branch head's 2nd generation ancestor, and :base:+4 denotes the 4th generation descendant of the work tree's base commit. Similarly, foobar:+3 will denote the 3rd generation descendant of the commit resolved by the "foobar" reference. A ":+" or ":-" modifier without a trailing integer has an implicit "1" appended (e.g., :base:+ is equivalent to :base:+1).

-d name

Delete the branch with the specified name from the “refs/heads” or “refs/remotes” reference namespace.

Only the branch reference is deleted. Any commit, tree, and blob objects belonging to the branch remain in the repository and may be removed separately with Git's garbage collector or gotadmin cleanup.

-l

List all existing branches in the repository, including copies of remote repositories' branches in the “refs/remotes/” reference namespace.

If invoked in a work tree, the work tree's current branch is shown with one of the following annotations:

*	work tree's base commit and the base commit of all tracked files matches the branch tip
~	work tree comprises mixed commits or its base commit is out-of-date

-n

Do not switch and update the work tree after creating a new branch.

-r repository-path

Use the repository at the specified path. If not specified, assume the repository is located at or above the current working directory. If this directory is a got work tree, use the repository path associated with this work tree.

-t

Sort listed branches by modification time (most recently modified first) instead of sorting by lexicographical order. Branches in the “refs/heads/” reference namespace are listed before branches in “refs/remotes/” regardless. Use of this option requires the -l option to be used as well.

tag [-lVv] [-c commit] [-m message] [-r repository-path] [-s signer-id] name

Manage tags in a repository.

Tags are managed via references which live in the “refs/tags/” reference namespace. The got tag command operates on references in this namespace only. References in this namespace point at tag objects which contain a pointer to another object, a tag message, as well as author and timestamp information.

Attempt to create a tag with the given name, and make this tag point at the given commit. If no commit is specified, default to the latest commit on the work tree's current branch if invoked in a work tree, and to a commit resolved via the repository's HEAD reference otherwise.

The options for got tag are as follows:

-c commit

Make the newly created tag reference point at the specified commit. The expected commit argument is a commit ID, or a reference or keyword which will be resolved to a commit ID. An abbreviated hash argument will be expanded to a full commit ID automatically, provided the abbreviation is unique. The keywords ":base" and ":head" resolve to the work tree's base commit and branch head, respectively. The former is only valid if invoked in a work tree, while the latter will resolve to the tip of the work tree's current branch if invoked in a work tree, otherwise it will resolve to the repository's HEAD reference. Keywords and references may be appended with ":+" or ":-" modifiers and an optional integer N to denote the Nth descendant or antecedent by first parent traversal, respectively; for example, :head:-2 denotes the work tree branch head's 2nd generation ancestor, and :base:+4 denotes the 4th generation descendant of the work tree's base commit. Similarly, eggs:-3 will denote the 3rd generation ancestor of the commit resolved by the "eggs" reference. A ":+" or ":-" modifier without a trailing integer has an implicit "1" appended (e.g., :base:+ is equivalent to :base:+1).

-l

List all existing tags in the repository instead of creating a new tag. If a name argument is passed, show only the tag with the given name.

-m message

Use the specified tag message when creating the new tag. Without the -m option, got tag opens a temporary file in an editor where a tag message can be written. Quitting the editor without saving the file will abort the tag operation.

-r repository-path

Use the repository at the specified path. If not specified, assume the repository is located at or above the current working directory. If this directory is a got work tree, use the repository path associated with this work tree.

-s signer-id

While creating a new tag, sign this tag with the identity given in signer-id.

For SSH-based signatures, signer-id is the path to a file which may refer to either a private SSH key, or a public SSH key with the private half available via ssh-agent(1). got tag will sign the tag object by invoking ssh-keygen(1) with the -Y sign command, using the signature namespace “git” for compatibility with git(1).

-V

Verify tag object signatures. If a name is specified, show and verify the tag object with the provided name. Otherwise, list all tag objects and verify signatures where present.

got tag verifies SSH-based signatures by invoking ssh-keygen(1) with the options -Y verify -f allowed_signers. A path to the allowed_signers file must be set in got.conf(5), otherwise verification is impossible.

-v

Verbose mode. During SSH signature creation and verification this option will be passed to ssh-keygen(1). Multiple -v options increase the verbosity. The maximum is 3.

By design, the got tag command will not delete tags or change existing tags. If a tag must be deleted, the got ref command may be used to delete a tag's reference. This should only be done if the tag has not already been copied to another repository.

add [-IR] path ...

Schedule unversioned files in a work tree for addition to the repository in the next commit. By default, files which match a got status ignore pattern will not be added.

If a path mentioned in the command line is not an unversioned file then got add may raise an error. To avoid unnecessary errors from paths picked up by file globbing patterns in the shell, paths in the argument list will be silently ignored if they are not reported by got status at all, or if they are reported with one of the following status codes and do not have changes staged via got stage:

M	modified file
A	file scheduled for addition in next commit
C	modified or added file which contains merge conflicts
m	modified file modes (executable bit only)

The options for got add are as follows:

-I

Add files even if they match a got status ignore pattern.

-R

Permit recursion into directories. If this option is not specified, got add will refuse to run if a specified path is a directory.

remove [-fkR] [-s status-codes] path ...

(alias: rm)

Remove versioned files from a work tree and schedule them for deletion from the repository in the next commit.

The options for got remove are as follows:

-f

Perform the operation even if a file contains local modifications, and do not raise an error if a specified path does not exist on disk.

-k

Keep affected files on disk.

-R

Permit recursion into directories. If this option is not specified, got remove will refuse to run if a specified path is a directory.

-s status-codes

Only delete files with a modification status matching one of the single-character status codes contained in the status-codes argument. The following status codes may be specified:

M	modified file (this implies the -f option)
!	versioned file expected on disk but missing

patch [-nR] [-c commit] [-p strip-count] [patchfile]

(alias: pa)

Apply changes from patchfile to files in a work tree. Files added or removed by a patch will be scheduled for addition or removal in the work tree.

The patch must be in the unified diff format as produced by got diff, git-diff(1), or by diff(1) and cvs(1) diff when invoked with their -u options. If no patchfile argument is provided, read unified diff data from standard input instead.

If the patchfile contains multiple patches, then attempt to apply each of them in sequence.

Show the status of each affected file, using the following status codes:

M	file was modified
G	file was merged using a merge-base found in the repository
C	file was merged and conflicts occurred during merge
D	file was deleted
A	file was added
#	failed to patch the file

If a change does not match at its exact line number, attempt to apply it somewhere else in the file if a good spot can be found. Otherwise, the patch will fail to apply.

got patch will refuse to apply a patch if certain preconditions are not met. Files to be deleted must already be under version control, and must not have been scheduled for deletion already. Files to be added must not yet be under version control and must not already be present on disk. Files to be modified must already be under version control and may not contain conflict markers.

If an error occurs, the patch operation will be aborted. Any changes made to the work tree up to this point will be left behind. Such changes can be viewed with got diff and can be reverted with got revert if needed.

The options for got patch are as follows:

-c commit

Attempt to locate files within the specified commit for use as a merge-base for 3-way merges.

If the -c option is not used then got patch will attempt to locate merge-bases via object IDs found in patchfile meta-data, such as produced by got diff or git-diff(1). Use of the -c option is only recommended in the absence of such meta-data.

Ideally, the specified commit should contain versions of files which the changes contained in the patchfile were based on. Files will be located by path, relative to the repository root. If the -p option is used then leading path components will be stripped before paths are looked up in the repository.

In case no merge-base is available for a file, changes will be applied without doing a 3-way merge. Changes which do not apply cleanly may then be rejected entirely, rather than producing merge conflicts in the patched target file.

The expected commit argument is a commit ID, or a reference name or a keyword which will be resolved to a commit ID. An abbreviated hash argument will be expanded to a full commit ID automatically, provided the abbreviation is unique. The keywords ":base" and ":head" resolve to the work tree's base commit and branch head, respectively. Keywords and references may be appended with ":+" or ":-" modifiers and an optional integer N to denote the Nth descendant or antecedent by first parent traversal, respectively; for example, :head:-2 denotes the work tree branch head's 2nd generation ancestor, and :base:+4 denotes the 4th generation descendant of the work tree's base commit. Similarly, flan:+3 will denote the 3rd generation descendant of the commit resolved by the "flan" reference. A ":+" or ":-" modifier without a trailing integer has an implicit "1" appended (e.g., :base:+ is equivalent to :base:+1).

-n

Do not make any modifications to the work tree. This can be used to check whether a patch would apply without issues. If the patchfile contains diffs that affect the same file multiple times, the results displayed may be incorrect.

-p strip-count

Specify the number of leading path components to strip from paths parsed from patchfile. If the -p option is not used, ‘a/’ and ‘b/’ path prefixes generated by git-diff(1) will be recognized and stripped automatically.

-R

Reverse the patch before applying it.

revert [-pR] [-F response-script] path ...

(alias: rv)

Revert any local changes in files at the specified paths in a work tree. File contents will be overwritten with those contained in the work tree's base commit. There is no way to bring discarded changes back after got revert!

If a file was added with got add, it will become an unversioned file again. If a file was deleted with got remove, it will be restored.

The options for got revert are as follows:

-F response-script

With the -p option, read “y”, “n”, and “q” responses line-by-line from the specified response-script file instead of prompting interactively.

-p

Instead of reverting all changes in files, interactively select or reject changes to revert based on “y” (revert change), “n” (keep change), and “q” (quit reverting this file) responses. If a file is in modified status, individual patches derived from the modified file content can be reverted. Files in added or deleted status may only be reverted in their entirety.

-R

Permit recursion into directories. If this option is not specified, got revert will refuse to run if a specified path is a directory.

commit [-CNnS] [-A author] [-F path] [-m message] [path ...]

(alias: ci)

Create a new commit in the repository from changes in a work tree and use this commit as the new base commit for the work tree. If no path is specified, commit all changes in the work tree. Otherwise, commit changes at or within the specified paths.

If changes have been explicitly staged for commit with got stage, only commit staged changes and reject any specified paths which have not been staged.

got commit opens a temporary file in an editor where a log message can be written unless the -m option is used or the -F and -N options are used together. Quitting the editor without saving the file will abort the commit operation.

Show the status of each affected file, using the following status codes:

M	modified file
D	file was deleted
A	new file was added
m	modified file modes (executable bit only)

Files which are not part of the new commit will retain their previously recorded base commit. Some got commands may refuse to run while the work tree contains files from multiple base commits. The base commit of such a work tree can be made consistent by running got update across the entire work tree.

The got commit command requires the GOT_AUTHOR environment variable to be set, unless an author has been configured in got.conf(5) or Git's user.name and user.email configuration settings can be obtained from the repository's .git/config file or from Git's global ~/.gitconfig configuration file.

The options for got commit are as follows:

-A author

Set author information in the newly created commit to author. This is useful when committing changes on behalf of someone else. The author argument must use the same format as the GOT_AUTHOR environment variable.

In addition to storing author information, the newly created commit object will retain “committer” information which is obtained, as usual, from the GOT_AUTHOR environment variable, or got.conf(5), or Git configuration settings.

-C

Allow committing files in conflicted status.

Committing files with conflict markers should generally be avoided. Cases where conflict markers must be stored in the repository for some legitimate reason should be very rare. There are usually ways to avoid storing conflict markers verbatim by applying appropriate programming tricks.

-F path

Use the prepared log message stored in the file found at path when creating the new commit. got commit opens a temporary file in an editor where the prepared log message can be reviewed and edited further if needed. Cannot be used together with the -m option.

-m message

Use the specified log message when creating the new commit. Cannot be used together with the -F option.

-N

This option prevents got commit from opening the commit message in an editor. It has no effect unless it is used together with the -F option and is intended for non-interactive use such as scripting.

-n

This option prevents got commit from generating a diff of the to-be-committed changes in a temporary file which can be viewed while editing a commit message.

-S

Allow the addition of symbolic links which point outside of the path space that is under version control. By default, got commit will reject such symbolic links due to safety concerns. As a precaution, got may decide to represent such a symbolic link as a regular file which contains the link's target path, rather than creating an actual symbolic link which points outside of the work tree. Use of this option is discouraged because external mechanisms such as “make obj” are better suited for managing symbolic links to paths not under version control.

got commit will refuse to run if certain preconditions are not met. If the work tree's current branch is not in the “refs/heads/” reference namespace, new commits may not be created on this branch. Local changes may only be committed if they are based on file content found in the most recent commit on the work tree's branch. If a path is found to be out of date, got update must be used first in order to merge local changes with changes made in the repository.

send [-afqTv] [-b branch] [-d branch] [-r repository-path] [-t tag] [remote-repository]

(alias: se)

Send new changes to a remote repository. If no remote-repository is specified, “origin” will be used. The remote repository's URL is obtained from the corresponding entry in got.conf(5) or Git's config file of the local repository, as created by got clone.

All objects corresponding to new changes will be written to a temporary pack file which is then uploaded to the server. Upon success, references in the “refs/remotes/” reference namespace of the local repository will be updated to point at the commits which have been sent.

By default, changes will only be sent if they are based on up-to-date copies of relevant branches in the remote repository. If any changes to be sent are based on out-of-date copies or would otherwise break linear history of existing branches, new changes must be fetched from the server with got fetch and local branches must be rebased with got rebase before got send can succeed. The -f option can be used to make exceptions to these requirements.

The options for got send are as follows:

-a

Send all branches from the local repository's “refs/heads/” reference namespace. The -a option is equivalent to listing all branches with multiple -b options. Cannot be used together with the -b option.

-b branch

Send the specified branch from the local repository's “refs/heads/” reference namespace. This option may be specified multiple times to build a list of branches to send. If this option is not specified, default to the work tree's current branch if invoked in a work tree, or to the repository's HEAD reference. Cannot be used together with the -a option.

-d branch

Delete the specified branch from the remote repository's “refs/heads/” reference namespace. This option may be specified multiple times to build a list of branches to delete.

Only references are deleted. Any commit, tree, tag, and blob objects belonging to deleted branches may become subject to deletion by Git's garbage collector running on the server.

Requesting deletion of branches results in an error if the server does not support this feature or disallows the deletion of branches based on its configuration.

-f

Attempt to force the server to overwrite existing branches or tags in the remote repository, even when got fetch followed by got rebase or got merge would usually be required before changes can be sent. The server may reject forced requests regardless, depending on its configuration.

Any commit, tree, tag, and blob objects belonging to overwritten branches or tags may become subject to deletion by Git's garbage collector running on the server.

The “refs/tags” reference namespace is globally shared between all repositories. Use of the -f option to overwrite tags is discouraged because it can lead to inconsistencies between the tags present in different repositories. In general, creating a new tag with a different name is recommended instead of overwriting an existing tag.

Use of the -f option is particularly discouraged if changes being sent are based on an out-of-date copy of a branch in the remote repository. Instead of using the -f option, new changes should be fetched with got fetch and local branches should be rebased with got rebase or merged with got merge, followed by another attempt to send the changes.

The -f option should only be needed in situations where the remote repository's copy of a branch or tag is known to be out-of-date and is considered disposable. The risks of creating inconsistencies between different repositories should also be taken into account.

-q

Suppress progress reporting output. The same option will be passed to ssh(1) if applicable.

-r repository-path

Use the repository at the specified path. If not specified, assume the repository is located at or above the current working directory. If this directory is a got work tree, use the repository path associated with this work tree.

-T

Attempt to send all tags from the local repository's “refs/tags/” reference namespace. The -T option is equivalent to listing all tags with multiple -t options. Cannot be used together with the -t option.

-t tag

Send the specified tag from the local repository's “refs/tags/” reference namespace, in addition to any branches that are being sent. The -t option may be specified multiple times to build a list of tags to send. No tags will be sent if the -t option is not used.

Raise an error if the specified tag already exists in the remote repository, unless the -f option is used to overwrite the server's copy of the tag. In general, creating a new tag with a different name is recommended instead of overwriting an existing tag.

Cannot be used together with the -T option.

-v

Verbose mode. Causes got send to print debugging messages to standard error output. The same option will be passed to ssh(1) if applicable. Multiple -v options increase the verbosity. The maximum is 3.

cherrypick [-lX] [commit]

(alias: cy)

Merge changes from a single commit into the work tree. The specified commit should be on a different branch than the work tree's base commit.

The expected argument is a commit ID, or a reference name or keyword which will be resolved to a commit ID. An abbreviated hash argument will be expanded to a full commit ID automatically, provided the abbreviation is unique. The keywords ":base" and ":head" resolve to the work tree's base commit and branch head, respectively. Keywords and references may be appended with ":+" or ":-" modifiers and an optional integer N to denote the Nth descendant or antecedent by first parent traversal, respectively; for example, :head:-2 denotes the work tree branch head's 2nd generation ancestor, and :base:+4 denotes the 4th generation descendant of the work tree's base commit. Similarly, barbaz:+3 will denote the 3rd generation descendant of the commit resolved by the "barbaz" reference. A ":+" or ":-" modifier without a trailing integer has an implicit "1" appended (e.g., :base:+ is equivalent to :base:+1).

Show the status of each affected file, using the following status codes:

G	file was merged
C	file was merged and conflicts occurred during merge
!	changes destined for a missing file were not merged
D	file was deleted
d	file's deletion was prevented by local modifications
A	new file was added
~	changes destined for a non-regular file were not merged
?	changes destined for an unversioned file were not merged

The merged changes will appear as local changes in the work tree, which may be viewed with got diff, amended manually or with further got cherrypick commands, committed with got commit.

If invoked in a work tree where no rebase, histedit, or merge operation is taking place, got cherrypick creates a record of commits which have been merged into the work tree. When a file changed by got cherrypick is committed with got commit, the log messages of relevant merged commits will then appear in the editor, where the messages should be further adjusted to convey the reasons for cherrypicking the changes. Upon exiting the editor, if the time stamp of the log message file is unchanged or the log message is empty, got commit will fail with an unmodified or empty log message error.

If all the changes in all files touched by a given commit are discarded, e.g. with got revert, this commit's log message record will also disappear.

got cherrypick will refuse to run if certain preconditions are not met. If the work tree contains multiple base commits, it must first be updated to a single base commit with got update. If any relevant files already contain merge conflicts, these conflicts must be resolved first.

The options for got cherrypick are as follows:

-l

Display a list of commit log messages recorded by cherrypick operations, represented by references in the “refs/got/worktree” reference namespace. If a commit is specified, only show the log message of the specified commit.

If invoked in a work tree, only log messages recorded by cherrypick operations in the current work tree will be displayed. Otherwise, all commit log messages will be displayed irrespective of the work tree in which they were created. This option cannot be used with -X.

-X

Delete log messages created by previous cherrypick operations, represented by references in the “refs/got/worktree” reference namespace. If a commit is specified, only delete the log message of the specified commit.

If invoked in a work tree, only log messages recorded by cherrypick operations in the current work tree will be deleted. Otherwise, all commit log messages will be deleted irrespective of the work tree in which they were created. This option cannot be used with -l.

backout [-lX] [commit]

(alias: bo)

Reverse-merge changes from a single commit into the work tree. The specified commit should be on the same branch as the work tree's base commit.

The expected argument is a commit ID, or a reference name or keyword which will be resolved to a commit ID. An abbreviated hash argument will be expanded to a full commit ID automatically, provided the abbreviation is unique. The keywords ":base" and ":head" resolve to the work tree's base commit and branch head, respectively. Keywords and references may be appended with ":+" or ":-" modifiers and an optional integer N to denote the Nth descendant or antecedent by first parent traversal, respectively; for example, :head:-2 denotes the work tree branch head's 2nd generation ancestor, and :base:+4 denotes the 4th generation descendant of the work tree's base commit. Similarly, wip:+5 will denote the 5th generation descendant of the commit resolved by the "wip" reference. A ":+" or ":-" modifier without a trailing integer has an implicit "1" appended (e.g., :base:+ is equivalent to :base:+1).

Show the status of each affected file, using the following status codes:

G	file was merged
C	file was merged and conflicts occurred during merge
!	changes destined for a missing file were not merged
D	file was deleted
d	file's deletion was prevented by local modifications
A	new file was added
~	changes destined for a non-regular file were not merged
?	changes destined for an unversioned file were not merged

The reverse-merged changes will appear as local changes in the work tree, which may be viewed with got diff, amended manually or with further got backout commands, committed with got commit.

If invoked in a work tree where no rebase, histedit, or merge operation is taking place, got backout creates a record of commits which have been reverse-merged into the work tree. When a file changed by got backout is committed with got commit, the log messages of relevant reverse-merged commits will then appear in the editor, where the messages should be further adjusted to convey the reasons for backing out the changes. Upon exiting the editor, if the time stamp of the log message file is unchanged or the log message is empty, got commit will fail with an unmodified or empty log message error.

If all the changes in all files touched by a given commit are discarded, e.g. with got revert, this commit's log message record will also disappear.

got backout will refuse to run if certain preconditions are not met. If the work tree contains multiple base commits, it must first be updated to a single base commit with got update. If any relevant files already contain merge conflicts, these conflicts must be resolved first.

The options for got backout are as follows:

-l

Display a list of commit log messages recorded by backout operations, represented by references in the “refs/got/worktree” reference namespace. If a commit is specified, only show the log message of the specified commit.

If invoked in a work tree, only log messages recorded by backout operations in the current work tree will be displayed. Otherwise, all commit log messages will be displayed irrespective of the work tree in which they were created. This option cannot be used with -X.

-X

Delete log messages created by previous backout operations, represented by references in the “refs/got/worktree” reference namespace. If a commit is specified, only delete the log message of the specified commit.

If invoked in a work tree, only log messages recorded by backout operations in the current work tree will be deleted. Otherwise, all commit log messages will be deleted irrespective of the work tree in which they were created. This option cannot be used with -l.

rebase [-aCclX] [branch]

(alias: rb)

Rebase commits on the specified branch onto the tip of the current branch of the work tree. The branch must share common ancestry with the work tree's current branch. Rebasing begins with the first descendant commit of the youngest common ancestor commit shared by the specified branch and the work tree's current branch, and stops once the tip commit of the specified branch has been rebased.

When got rebase is used as intended, the specified branch represents a local commit history and may already contain changes that are not yet visible in any other repositories. The work tree's current branch, which must be set with got update -b before starting the rebase operation, represents a branch from a remote repository which shares a common history with the specified branch but has progressed, and perhaps diverged, due to commits added to the remote repository.

Rebased commits are accumulated on a temporary branch which the work tree will remain switched to throughout the entire rebase operation. Commits on this branch represent the same changes with the same log messages as their counterparts on the original branch, but with different commit IDs. Once rebasing has completed successfully, the temporary branch becomes the new version of the specified branch and the work tree is automatically switched to it. If author information is available via the GOT_AUTHOR environment variable, got.conf(5) or Git's user.name and user.email configuration settings, this author information will be used to identify the “committer” of rebased commits.

Old commits in their pre-rebase state are automatically backed up in the “refs/got/backup/rebase” reference namespace. As long as these references are not removed older versions of rebased commits will remain in the repository and can be viewed with the got rebase -l command. Removal of these references makes objects which become unreachable via any reference subject to removal by Git's garbage collector or gotadmin cleanup.

While rebasing commits, show the status of each affected file, using the following status codes:

G	file was merged
C	file was merged and conflicts occurred during merge
!	changes destined for a missing file were not merged
D	file was deleted
d	file's deletion was prevented by local modifications
A	new file was added
~	changes destined for a non-regular file were not merged
?	changes destined for an unversioned file were not merged

If merge conflicts occur, the rebase operation is interrupted and may be continued once conflicts have been resolved. If any files with destined changes are found to be missing or unversioned, or if files could not be deleted due to differences in deleted content, the rebase operation will be interrupted to prevent potentially incomplete changes from being committed to the repository without user intervention. The work tree may be modified as desired and the rebase operation can be continued once the changes present in the work tree are considered complete. Alternatively, the rebase operation may be aborted which will leave branch unmodified and the work tree switched back to its original branch.

If a merge conflict is resolved in a way which renders the merged change into a no-op change, the corresponding commit will be elided when the rebase operation continues.

got rebase will refuse to run if certain preconditions are not met. If the branch is not in the “refs/heads/” reference namespace, the branch may not be rebased. If the work tree is not yet fully updated to the tip commit of its branch, then the work tree must first be updated with got update. If changes have been staged with got stage, these changes must first be committed with got commit or unstaged with got unstage. If the work tree contains local changes, these changes must first be committed with got commit or reverted with got revert. If the branch contains changes to files outside of the work tree's path prefix, the work tree cannot be used to rebase this branch.

The got update, got integrate, got merge, got commit, and got histedit commands will refuse to run while a rebase operation is in progress. Other commands which manipulate the work tree may be used for conflict resolution purposes.

If the specified branch is already based on the work tree's current branch, then no commits need to be rebased and got rebase will simply switch the work tree to the specified branch and update files in the work tree accordingly.

The options for got rebase are as follows:

-a

Abort an interrupted rebase operation. If this option is used, no other command-line arguments are allowed.

-C

Allow a rebase operation to continue with files in conflicted status. This option should generally be avoided, and can only be used with the -c option.

-c

Continue an interrupted rebase operation. If this option is used, no other command-line arguments are allowed except -C.

-l

Show a list of past rebase operations, represented by references in the “refs/got/backup/rebase” reference namespace.

Display the author, date, and log message of each backed up commit, the object ID of the corresponding post-rebase commit, and the object ID of their common ancestor commit. Given these object IDs, the got log command with the -c and -x options can be used to examine the history of either version of the branch, and the got branch command with the -c option can be used to create a new branch from a pre-rebase state if desired.

If a branch is specified, only show commits which at some point in time represented this branch. Otherwise, list all backed up commits for any branches.

If this option is used, got rebase does not require a work tree. None of the other options can be used together with -l.

-X

Delete backups created by past rebase operations, represented by references in the “refs/got/backup/rebase” reference namespace.

If a branch is specified, only delete backups which at some point in time represented this branch. Otherwise, delete all references found within “refs/got/backup/rebase”.

Any commit, tree, tag, and blob objects belonging to deleted backups remain in the repository and may be removed separately with Git's garbage collector or gotadmin cleanup.

If this option is used, got rebase does not require a work tree. None of the other options can be used together with -X.

histedit [-aCcdeflmX] [-F histedit-script] [branch]

(alias: he)

Edit commit history between the work tree's current base commit and the tip commit of the work tree's current branch.

The got histedit command requires the GOT_AUTHOR environment variable to be set, unless an author has been configured in got.conf(5) or Git's user.name and user.email configuration settings can be obtained from the repository's .git/config file or from Git's global ~/.gitconfig configuration file.

Before starting a histedit operation, the work tree's current branch must be set with got update -b to the branch which should be edited, unless this branch is already the current branch of the work tree. The tip of this branch represents the upper bound (inclusive) of commits touched by the histedit operation.

Furthermore, the work tree's base commit must be set with got update -c to a point in this branch's commit history where editing should begin. This commit represents the lower bound (non-inclusive) of commits touched by the histedit operation.

Editing of commit history is controlled via a histedit script which can be written in an editor based on a template, passed on the command line, or generated with the -d, -e, -f, or -m options. Quitting the editor without saving the file will abort the histedit operation.

The format of the histedit script is line-based. Each line in the script begins with a command name, followed by whitespace and an argument. For most commands, the expected argument is a commit ID. Any remaining text on the line is ignored. Lines which begin with the ‘#’ character are ignored entirely.

The available histedit script commands are as follows:

pick commit	Use the specified commit as it is.
edit commit	Apply the changes from the specified commit, but then interrupt the histedit operation for amending, without creating a commit. While the histedit operation is interrupted arbitrary files may be edited, and commands which manipulate the work tree can be used freely. The got add and got remove commands can be used to add new files or remove existing ones. The got revert -p command can be used to eliminate arbitrary changes from files in the work tree. The got stage -p command may be used to prepare a subset of changes for inclusion in the next commit. Finally, the got commit command can be used to insert arbitrary commits into the edited history. Regular editing of history must eventually be resumed by running got histedit -c.
fold commit	Combine the specified commit with the next commit listed further below that will be used.
drop commit	Remove this commit from the edited history.
mesg commit	Open an editor to create a new log message for this commit.

Every commit in the history being edited must be mentioned in the script. Lines may be re-ordered to change the order of commits in the edited history. No commit may be listed more than once.

Edited commits are accumulated on a temporary branch which the work tree will remain switched to throughout the entire histedit operation. Once history editing has completed successfully, the temporary branch becomes the new version of the work tree's branch and the work tree is automatically switched to it.

Old commits in their pre-histedit state are automatically backed up in the “refs/got/backup/histedit” reference namespace. As long as these references are not removed older versions of edited commits will remain in the repository and can be viewed with the got histedit -l command. Removal of these references makes objects which become unreachable via any reference subject to removal by Git's garbage collector or gotadmin cleanup.

While merging commits, show the status of each affected file, using the following status codes:

G	file was merged
C	file was merged and conflicts occurred during merge
!	changes destined for a missing file were not merged
D	file was deleted
d	file's deletion was prevented by local modifications
A	new file was added
~	changes destined for a non-regular file were not merged
?	changes destined for an unversioned file were not merged

If merge conflicts occur, the histedit operation is interrupted and may be continued once conflicts have been resolved. If any files with destined changes are found to be missing or unversioned, or if files could not be deleted due to differences in deleted content, the histedit operation will be interrupted to prevent potentially incomplete changes from being committed to the repository without user intervention. The work tree may be modified as desired and the histedit operation can be continued once the changes present in the work tree are considered complete. Alternatively, the histedit operation may be aborted which will leave the work tree switched back to its original branch.

If a merge conflict is resolved in a way which renders the merged change into a no-op change, the corresponding commit will be elided when the histedit operation continues.

got histedit will refuse to run if certain preconditions are not met. If the work tree's current branch is not in the “refs/heads/” reference namespace, the history of the branch may not be edited. If the work tree contains multiple base commits, it must first be updated to a single base commit with got update. If changes have been staged with got stage, these changes must first be committed with got commit or unstaged with got unstage. If the work tree contains local changes, these changes must first be committed with got commit or reverted with got revert. If the edited history contains changes to files outside of the work tree's path prefix, the work tree cannot be used to edit the history of this branch.

The got update, got rebase, got merge, and got integrate commands will refuse to run while a histedit operation is in progress. Other commands which manipulate the work tree may be used, and the got commit command may be used to commit arbitrary changes to the temporary branch while the histedit operation is interrupted.

The options for got histedit are as follows:

-a

Abort an interrupted histedit operation. If this option is used, no other command-line arguments are allowed.

-C

Allow a histedit operation to continue with files in conflicted status. This option should generally be avoided, and can only be used with the -c option.

-c

Continue an interrupted histedit operation. If this option is used, no other command-line arguments are allowed except -C.

-d

Drop all commits. This option is a quick equivalent to a histedit script which drops all commits. The -d option can only be used when starting a new histedit operation. If this option is used, no other command-line arguments are allowed.

-e

Interrupt the histedit operation for editing after merging each commit. This option is a quick equivalent to a histedit script which uses the edit command for all commits. The -e option can only be used when starting a new histedit operation. If this option is used, no other command-line arguments are allowed.

-F histedit-script

Use the specified histedit-script instead of opening a temporary file in an editor where a histedit script can be written.

-f

Fold all commits into a single commit. This option is a quick equivalent to a histedit script which folds all commits, combining them all into one commit. The -f option can only be used when starting a new histedit operation. If this option is used, no other command-line arguments are allowed.

-l

Show a list of past histedit operations, represented by references in the “refs/got/backup/histedit” reference namespace.

Display the author, date, and log message of each backed up commit, the object ID of the corresponding post-histedit commit, and the object ID of their common ancestor commit. Given these object IDs, the got log command with the -c and -x options can be used to examine the history of either version of the branch, and the got branch command with the -c option can be used to create a new branch from a pre-histedit state if desired.

If a branch is specified, only show commits which at some point in time represented this branch. Otherwise, list all backed up commits for any branches.

If this option is used, got histedit does not require a work tree. None of the other options can be used together with -l.

-m

Edit log messages only. This option is a quick equivalent to a histedit script which edits only log messages but otherwise leaves every picked commit as-is. The -m option can only be used when starting a new histedit operation. If this option is used, no other command-line arguments are allowed.

-X

Delete backups created by past histedit operations, represented by references in the “refs/got/backup/histedit” reference namespace.

If a branch is specified, only delete backups which at some point in time represented this branch. Otherwise, delete all references found within “refs/got/backup/histedit”.

Any commit, tree, tag, and blob objects belonging to deleted backups remain in the repository and may be removed separately with Git's garbage collector or gotadmin cleanup.

If this option is used, got histedit does not require a work tree. None of the other options can be used together with -X.

integrate branch

(alias: ig)

Integrate the specified branch into the work tree's current branch. Files in the work tree are updated to match the contents on the integrated branch, and the reference of the work tree's branch is changed to point at the head commit of the integrated branch.

Both branches can be considered equivalent after integration since they will be pointing at the same commit. Both branches remain available for future work, if desired. In case the integrated branch is no longer needed it may be deleted with got branch -d.

Show the status of each affected file, using the following status codes:

U	file was updated
D	file was deleted
A	new file was added
~	versioned file is obstructed by a non-regular file
!	a missing versioned file was restored

got integrate will refuse to run if certain preconditions are not met. Most importantly, the branch must have been rebased onto the work tree's current branch with got rebase before it can be integrated, in order to linearize commit history and resolve merge conflicts. If the work tree contains multiple base commits, it must first be updated to a single base commit with got update. If changes have been staged with got stage, these changes must first be committed with got commit or unstaged with got unstage. If the work tree contains local changes, these changes must first be committed with got commit or reverted with got revert.

merge [-aCcMn] [branch]

(alias: mg)

Merge the specified branch into the current branch of the work tree. If the branches have diverged, merge changes into the work tree and create a merge commit. Otherwise, if the specified branch is already based on the work tree's current branch, make the work tree's current branch equivalent to the specified branch and update files in the work tree accordingly.

Merge commits are commits based on multiple parent commits. The tip commit of the work tree's current branch will be used as the first parent. The tip commit of the specified branch will be used as the second parent. The work tree's current branch must be in the “refs/heads/” reference namespace and can be set with got update -b before starting the merge operation.

No ancestral relationship between the two branches is required. If the two branches have already been merged previously, only new changes will be merged.

It is not possible to create merge commits with more than two parents. If more than one branch needs to be merged, then multiple merge commits with two parents each can be created in sequence.

If a linear project history is desired, then use of got rebase should generally be preferred over got merge. However, even strictly linear projects may require occasional merge commits, for example in order to merge in new versions of third-party code stored on “vendor” branches created with got import.

While merging changes found on the branch into the work tree, show the status of each affected file, using the following status codes:

G	file was merged
C	file was merged and conflicts occurred during merge
!	changes destined for a missing file were not merged
D	file was deleted
d	file's deletion was prevented by local modifications
A	new file was added
~	changes destined for a non-regular file were not merged
?	changes destined for an unversioned file were not merged

If merge conflicts occur, the merge operation is interrupted and conflicts must be resolved before the merge operation can continue. If any files with destined changes are found to be missing or unversioned, or if files could not be deleted due to differences in deleted content, the merge operation will be interrupted to prevent potentially incomplete changes from being committed to the repository without user intervention. The work tree may be modified as desired and the merge can be continued once the changes present in the work tree are considered complete. Alternatively, the merge operation may be aborted which will leave the work tree's current branch unmodified.

got merge will refuse to run if certain preconditions are not met. If the work tree's current branch is not in the “refs/heads/” reference namespace then the work tree must first be switched to a branch in the “refs/heads/” namespace with got update -b. If the work tree is not yet fully updated to the tip commit of its branch, then the work tree must first be updated with got update. If the work tree contains multiple base commits, it must first be updated to a single base commit with got update. If changes have been staged with got stage, these changes must first be committed with got commit or unstaged with got unstage. If the work tree contains local changes, these changes must first be committed with got commit or reverted with got revert. If the branch contains changes to files outside of the work tree's path prefix, the work tree cannot be used to merge this branch.

The got update, got commit, got rebase, got histedit, got integrate, and got stage commands will refuse to run while a merge operation is in progress. Other commands which manipulate the work tree may be used for conflict resolution purposes.

The options for got merge are as follows:

-a

Abort an interrupted merge operation. If this option is used, no other command-line arguments are allowed.

-C

Allow a merge operation to continue with files in conflicted status. This option should generally be avoided, and can only be used with the -c option.

-c

Continue an interrupted merge operation. If this option is used, no other command-line arguments are allowed except -C.

-M

Create a merge commit even if the branches have not diverged.

-n

Merge changes into the work tree as usual but do not create a merge commit immediately. The merge result can be adjusted as desired before a merge commit is created with got merge -c. Alternatively, the merge may be aborted with got merge -a.

stage [-lpS] [-F response-script] [path ...]

(alias: sg)

Stage local changes for inclusion in the next commit. If no path is specified, stage all changes in the work tree. Otherwise, stage changes at or within the specified paths. Paths may be staged if they are added, modified, or deleted according to got status.

Show the status of each affected file, using the following status codes:

A	file addition has been staged
M	file modification has been staged
D	file deletion has been staged

Staged file contents are saved in newly created blob objects in the repository. These blobs will be referred to by tree objects once staged changes have been committed.

Staged changes affect the behaviour of got commit, got status, and got diff. While paths with staged changes exist, the got commit command will refuse to commit any paths which do not have staged changes. Local changes created on top of staged changes can only be committed if the path is staged again, or if the staged changes are committed first. The got status command will show both local changes and staged changes. The got diff command is able to display local changes relative to staged changes, and to display staged changes relative to the repository. The got revert command cannot revert staged changes but may be used to revert local changes created on top of staged changes.

The options for got stage are as follows:

-F response-script

With the -p option, read “y”, “n”, and “q” responses line-by-line from the specified response-script file instead of prompting interactively.

-l

Instead of staging new changes, list paths which are already staged, along with the IDs of staged blob objects and stage status codes. If paths were provided on the command line, show the staged paths among the specified paths. Otherwise, show all staged paths.

-p

Instead of staging the entire content of a changed file, interactively select or reject changes for staging based on “y” (stage change), “n” (reject change), and “q” (quit staging this file) responses. If a file is in modified status, individual patches derived from the modified file content can be staged. Files in added or deleted status may only be staged or rejected in their entirety.

-S

Allow staging of symbolic links which point outside of the path space that is under version control. By default, got stage will reject such symbolic links due to safety concerns. As a precaution, got may decide to represent such a symbolic link as a regular file which contains the link's target path, rather than creating an actual symbolic link which points outside of the work tree. Use of this option is discouraged because external mechanisms such as “make obj” are better suited for managing symbolic links to paths not under version control.

got stage will refuse to run if certain preconditions are not met. If a file contains merge conflicts, these conflicts must be resolved first. If a file is found to be out of date relative to the head commit on the work tree's current branch, the file must be updated with got update before it can be staged (however, this does not prevent the file from becoming out-of-date at some point after having been staged).

The got update, got rebase, got merge, and got histedit commands will refuse to run while staged changes exist. If staged changes cannot be committed because a staged path is out of date, the path must be unstaged with got unstage before it can be updated with got update, and may then be staged again if necessary.

unstage [-p] [-F response-script] [path ...]

(alias: ug)

Merge staged changes back into the work tree and put affected paths back into non-staged status. If no path is specified, unstage all staged changes across the entire work tree. Otherwise, unstage changes at or within the specified paths.

Show the status of each affected file, using the following status codes:

G	file was unstaged
C	file was unstaged and conflicts occurred during merge
!	changes destined for a missing file were not merged
D	file was staged as deleted and still is deleted
d	file's deletion was prevented by local modifications
~	changes destined for a non-regular file were not merged

The options for got unstage are as follows:

-F response-script

With the -p option, read “y”, “n”, and “q” responses line-by-line from the specified response-script file instead of prompting interactively.

-p

Instead of unstaging the entire content of a changed file, interactively select or reject changes for unstaging based on “y” (unstage change), “n” (keep change staged), and “q” (quit unstaging this file) responses. If a file is staged in modified status, individual patches derived from the staged file content can be unstaged. Files staged in added or deleted status may only be unstaged in their entirety.

cat [-P] [-c commit] [-r repository-path] arg ...

Parse and print contents of objects to standard output in a line-based text format. Content of commit, tree, and tag objects is printed in a way similar to the actual content stored in such objects. Blob object contents are printed as they would appear in files on disk.

Attempt to interpret each argument as a reference, a tag name, or an object ID. References will be resolved to an object ID. Tag names will resolved to a tag object. An abbreviated hash argument will be expanded to a full commit ID automatically, provided the abbreviation is unique.

If none of the above interpretations produce a valid result, or if the -P option is used, attempt to interpret the argument as a path which will be resolved to the ID of an object found at this path in the repository.

The options for got cat are as follows:

-c commit

Look up paths in the specified commit. If this option is not used, paths are looked up in the commit resolved via the repository's HEAD reference.

The expected argument is a commit ID, or a reference name or keyword which will be resolved to a commit ID. An abbreviated hash argument will be expanded to a full commit ID automatically, provided the abbreviation is unique. The keywords ":base" and ":head" resolve to the work tree's base commit and branch head, respectively. The former is only valid if invoked in a work tree, while the latter will resolve to the tip of the work tree's current branch if invoked in a work tree, otherwise it will resolve to the repository's HEAD reference. Keywords and references may be appended with ":+" or ":-" modifiers and an optional integer N to denote the Nth descendant or antecedent by first parent traversal, respectively; for example, :head:-2 denotes the work tree branch head's 2nd generation ancestor, and :base:+4 denotes the 4th generation descendant of the work tree's base commit. Similarly, quux:-8 will denote the 8th generation ancestor of the commit resolved by the "quux" reference. A ":+" or ":-" modifier without a trailing integer has an implicit "1" appended (e.g., :base:+ is equivalent to :base:+1).

-P

Interpret all arguments as paths only. This option can be used to resolve ambiguity in cases where paths look like tag names, reference names, or object IDs.

-r repository-path

Use the repository at the specified path. If not specified, assume the repository is located at or above the current working directory. If this directory is a got work tree, use the repository path associated with this work tree.

info [path ...]

Display meta-data stored in a work tree. See got-worktree(5) for details.

The work tree to use is resolved implicitly by walking upwards from the current working directory.

If one or more path arguments are specified, show additional per-file information for tracked files located at or within these paths. If a path argument corresponds to the work tree's root directory, display information for all tracked files.

ENVIRONMENT

GOT_AUTHOR

The author's name and email address, such as "Flan Hacker <flan_hacker@openbsd.org>". Used by the got commit, got import, got rebase, got merge, and got histedit commands. Because git(1) may fail to parse commits without an email address in author data, got attempts to reject GOT_AUTHOR environment variables with a missing email address.

GOT_AUTHOR will be overridden by configuration settings in got.conf(5) or by Git's user.name and user.email configuration settings in the repository's .git/config file. The user.name and user.email configuration settings contained in Git's global ~/.gitconfig configuration file will only be used if neither got.conf(5) nor the GOT_AUTHOR environment variable provide author information.

GOT_IGNORE_GITCONFIG

If this variable is set then any remote repository definitions or author information found in Git configuration files will be ignored.

GOT_LOG_DEFAULT_LIMIT

The default limit on the number of commits traversed by got log. If set to zero, the limit is unbounded. This variable will be silently ignored if it is set to a non-numeric value.

VISUAL, EDITOR

The editor spawned by got commit, got histedit, got import, or got tag. If not set, the vi(1) text editor will be spawned.

FILES

got.conf

Repository-wide configuration settings for got. If present, a got.conf(5) configuration file located in the root directory of a Git repository supersedes any relevant settings in Git's config file.

.got/got.conf

Worktree-specific configuration settings for got. If present, a got.conf(5) configuration file in the .got meta-data directory of a work tree supersedes any relevant settings in the repository's got.conf(5) configuration file and Git's config file.

EXIT STATUS

The got utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs.

EXAMPLES

Enable tab-completion of got command names in ksh(1):

Clone an existing Git repository for use with got:

Unfortunately, many of the popular Git hosting sites do not offer anonymous access via SSH. Such sites will require an account to be created, and a public SSH key to be uploaded to this account, before repository access via ssh:// URLs will work.

Most sites offer anonymous repository access via HTTPS:

Alternatively, for quick and dirty local testing of got a new Git repository could be created and populated with files, e.g. from a temporary CVS checkout located at /tmp/src:

Check out a work tree from the Git repository to /usr/src:

View local changes in a work tree directory:

In a work tree, display files in a potentially problematic state:

Interactively revert selected local changes in a work tree directory:

In a work tree or a git repository directory, list all branch references:

As above, but list the most recently modified branches only:

In a work tree or a git repository directory, create a new branch called “unified-buffer-cache” which is forked off the “master” branch:

Switch an existing work tree to the branch “unified-buffer-cache”. Local changes in the work tree will be preserved and merged if necessary:

Create a new commit from local changes in a work tree directory. This new commit will become the head commit of the work tree's current branch:

In a work tree or a git repository directory, view changes committed in the 3 most recent commits to the work tree's branch, or the branch resolved via the repository's HEAD reference, respectively:

As above, but display changes in the order in which patch(1) could apply them in sequence:

In a work tree or a git repository directory, log the history of a subdirectory:

While operating inside a work tree, paths are specified relative to the current working directory, so this command will log the subdirectory sys/uvm:

And this command has the same effect:

And this command displays work tree meta-data about all tracked files:

Add new files and remove obsolete files in a work tree directory:

A file can be renamed or moved by removing it from its old location and adding it at the new location:

got does not yet follow file history across renames, but git(1) will be able to do so regardless.

Create a new commit from local changes in a work tree directory with a pre-defined log message.

Alternatively, create a new commit from local changes in a work tree directory with a log message that has been prepared in the file /tmp/msg:

Update any work tree checked out from the “unified-buffer-cache” branch to the latest commit on this branch:

Roll file content on the unified-buffer-cache branch back by one commit, and then fetch the rolled-back change into the work tree as a local change to be amended and perhaps committed again:

Fetch new changes on the remote repository's “master” branch, making them visible on the local repository's “origin/master” branch:

Rebase the local “master” branch to merge the new changes that are now visible on the “origin/master” branch:

Rebase the “unified-buffer-cache” branch on top of the new head commit of the “master” branch.

Create a patch from all changes on the unified-buffer-cache branch. The patch can be mailed out for review and applied to OpenBSD's CVS tree:

Edit the entire commit history of the “unified-buffer-cache” branch:

Before working against existing branches in a repository cloned with git clone --bare instead of got clone, a Git “refspec” must be configured to map all references in the remote repository into the “refs/remotes” namespace of the local repository. This can be achieved by setting Git's remote.origin.fetch configuration variable to the value “+refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*” with the git config command:

Additionally, the “mirror” option must be disabled:

Alternatively, the following git-fetch(1) configuration item can be added manually to the Git repository's config file:

This configuration leaves the local repository's “refs/heads” namespace free for use by local branches checked out with got checkout and, if needed, created with got branch. Branches in the “refs/remotes/origin” namespace can now be updated with incoming changes from the remote repository with got fetch or git-fetch(1) without extra command line arguments. Newly fetched changes can be examined with got log.

Display changes on the remote repository's version of the “master” branch, as of the last time got fetch was run:

As shown here, most commands accept abbreviated reference names such as “origin/master” instead of “refs/remotes/origin/master”. The latter is only needed in case of ambiguity.

got rebase can be used to merge changes which are visible on the “origin/master” branch into the “master” branch. This will also merge local changes, if any, with the incoming changes:

In order to make changes committed to the “unified-buffer-cache” visible on the “master” branch, the “unified-buffer-cache” branch can be rebased onto the “master” branch:

Changes on the “unified-buffer-cache” branch can now be made visible on the “master” branch with got integrate. Because the rebase operation switched the work tree to the “unified-buffer-cache” branch, the work tree must be switched back to the “master” branch first:

On the “master” branch, log messages for local changes can now be amended with “OK” by other developers and any other important new information:

If the remote repository offers write access, local changes on the “master” branch can be sent to the remote repository with got send. Usually, got send can be run without further arguments. The arguments shown here match defaults, provided the work tree's current branch is the “master” branch:

If the remote repository requires the HTTPS protocol, the git-push(1) command must be used instead:

When making contributions to projects which use the “pull request” workflow, SSH protocol repository access needs to be set up first. Once an account has been created on a Git hosting site it should be possible to upload a public SSH key for repository access authentication.

The “pull request” workflow will usually involve two remote repositories. In the real-life example below, the “origin” repository was forked from the “upstream” repository by using the Git hosting site's web interface. The got.conf(5) file in the local repository describes both remote repositories:

# Jelmers's repository, which accepts pull requests
remote "upstream" {
	server git@github.com
	protocol ssh
	repository "/jelmer/dulwich"
	branch { "master" }
}

# Stefan's fork, used as the default remote repository
remote "origin" {
	server git@github.com
	protocol ssh
	repository "/stspdotname/dulwich"
	branch { "master" }
}

With this configuration, Stefan can create commits on “refs/heads/master” and send them to the “origin” repository by running:

The changes can now be proposed to Jelmer by opening a pull request via the Git hosting site's web interface. If Jelmer requests further changes to be made, additional commits can be created on the “master” branch and be added to the pull request by running got send again.

If Jelmer prefers additional commits to be “squashed” then the following commands can be used to achieve this:

In addition to reviewing the pull request in the web user interface, Jelmer can fetch the pull request's branch into his local repository and create a local branch which contains the proposed changes:

Once Jelmer has accepted the pull request, Stefan can fetch the merged changes, and possibly several other new changes, by running:

The merged changes will now be visible under the reference “refs/remotes/upstream/master”. The local “master” branch can now be rebased on top of the latest changes from upstream:

As an alternative to got rebase, branches can be merged with got merge:

The question of whether to rebase or merge branches is philosophical. When in doubt, refer to the software project's policies set by project maintainers.

As a final step, the forked repository's copy of the master branch needs to be kept in sync by sending the new changes there:

If multiple pull requests need to be managed in parallel, a separate branch must be created for each pull request with got branch. Each such branch can then be used as above, in place of “refs/heads/master”. Changes for any accepted pull requests will still appear under “refs/remotes/upstream/master,” regardless of which branch was used in the forked repository to create a pull request.

SEE ALSO

gotadmin(1), tog(1), git-repository(5), got-worktree(5), got.conf(5), gotwebd(8)

AUTHORS

Anthony J. Bentley <bentley@openbsd.org>
Christian Weisgerber <naddy@openbsd.org>
Florian Obser <florian@narrans.de>
Hiltjo Posthuma <hiltjo@codemadness.org>
James Cook <falsifian@falsifian.org>
Jasper Lievisse Adriaanse <j@jasper.la>
Josh Rickmar <jrick@zettaport.com>
Joshua Stein <jcs@openbsd.org>
Josiah Frentsos <jfrent@tilde.team>
Klemens Nanni <kn@openbsd.org>
Kyle Ackerman <kackerman0102@gmail.com>
Lorenz (xha) <me@xha.li>
Lucas Gabriel Vuotto <lucas@sexy.is>
Mark Jamsek <mark@jamsek.dev>
Martin Pieuchot <mpi@openbsd.org>
Mikhail Pchelin <misha@freebsd.org>
Neels Hofmeyr <neels@hofmeyr.de>
Omar Polo <op@openbsd.org>
Ori Bernstein <ori@openbsd.org>
Sebastien Marie <semarie@openbsd.org>
Stefan Sperling <stsp@openbsd.org>
Steven McDonald <steven@steven-mcdonald.id.au>
Ted Unangst <tedu@tedunangst.com>
Theo Buehler <tb@openbsd.org>
Thomas Adam <thomas@xteddy.org>
Tobias Heider <me@tobhe.de>
Tom Jones <thj@freebsd.org>
Tracey Emery <tracey@traceyemery.net>
Yang Zhong <yzhong@freebsdfoundation.org>

Parts of got, tog(1), gotd(8), and gotwebd(8) were derived from code under copyright by:

Bjoern Hoehrmann
Caldera International
Daniel Hartmeier
David Gwynne
Esben Norby
Florian Obser
Henning Brauer
Håkan Olsson
Ingo Schwarze
Jean-Francois Brousseau
Jerome Kasper
Joris Vink
Jyri J. Virkki
Larry Wall
Markus Friedl
Mike Larkin
Niall O'Higgins
Niklas Hallqvist
Ray Lai
Reyk Floeter
Ryan McBride
Ted Unangst
Theo de Raadt
Todd C. Miller
Xavier Santolaria

got contains code contributed to the public domain by
Austin Appleby.

CAVEATS

got is a work-in-progress and some features remain to be implemented.

At present, the user has to fall back on git(1) to perform some tasks. In particular:

• With repositories that use the sha256 object ID hashing algorithm, git(1) is currently required for all network operations (clone, fetch, and push) because got does not yet support version 2 of the Git network protocol.
• Writing to remote repositories over HTTP or HTTPS protocols requires git-push(1).
• The creation of merge commits with more than two parent commits requires git-merge(1).
• In situations where files or directories were moved around got will not automatically merge changes to new locations and git(1) will usually produce better results.